Kronika
type: channel
description: Kronika is the central Slovenian review for Slovenian local history. It is published by the Historical Association of Slovenia.
publisher: Zveza zgodovinskih društev Slovenije
language: en
publication name: Kronika
issn: 0023-4923
items: Rudenek Castle
items: Vrbovec Castle
items: Insights into the Peasant Rebellion in the Seigneury of Gornji Grad in the Early Seventeenth Century
items: Early Administrative Slovenica from the Upper Savinja Valley (1604–1842)
items: The written heritage of the library of the Franciscan friary in Nazarje
items: Pilgrimages and Pilgrimage Churches in the Upper Savinja Valley during the Baroque Period
items: Miren’s Exiled Shoemaker Cooperative in the Savinja Valley
items: What Did a Teacher Graduate Write in Herle’s Logbook in Solčava About Climbing Ojstrica in August 1881?
items: Liberation of the Upper Savinja Valley in Autumn 1944
items: Mountains as a Place of Identity
items: Grohot Mountain Pasture over Time: Work, Kinship Relations, and Ownership
items: Climate and Hydrological Changes in the Upper Savinja Valley since the 1960s
items: Nazarje in the Last Decade of the Monarchy: a Look Through Newspaper and Archival Sources
items: Benedictines and the Counts of Cilli
items: Social Care System in Slovenia Immediately after the Second World War, with a Particular Focus on Ljubljana
items: Ljubljana’s Elderly in the Nineteenth Century
items: History and Topography of Water Supply in Kranj until the Early Twentieth Century
items: Deattribution of Works Previously Assigned to the Baroque Sculptor Franz Christoph Reiss
items: The Fate of the Co-Author of Pisanice Janez Mihelič and of the First Independent Collection of Slovenian Proverbs
items: Baroness Maria Theresa Oršić, Née Baroness Wintershoffen. Her Lineage, Marriage, and Books
items: Oclatii in Emona and throughout the Empire
items: Early Development of Ljubljana’s Town Square until 1300 in Light of Archaeological Research Results
items: The Border between the Third Reich and Italy in the Southern part of the Kamnik District
items: Hmeljnik Castle Furnishings before 1926
items: The Central Commission and the Documentation of Medieval Castles in the Area of Slovenia
items: Tombstones and Central Cemetery Crucifixes in Slovenia from the Salm Iron Foundry
items: Between the Plague and Cholera
items: Svibno: A Collapsed Market Town
items: Gilded Mount with the Depiction of a Lion from Stari Jeterbenk Castle on Kašča Hill near Medvode
items: Dobrenje and the Lords of Dobrenje in the Middle Ages

Rudenek Castle
type: item
description: Rudeneck Castle was built in the second quarter of the fourteenth century as a rather large new two-part main residence for the Lords of Altenburg (Slo. Vrbovec), which sparked a feudal war. After the conflict, the significance of the castle and the Lords of Altenburg waned. By the sixteenth century at the latest, the original castle core had been abandoned. A detached Gothic great tower was preserved, next to which a new Renaissance-style building was constructed soon after 1578 to serve as the personal country residence of Ljubljana’s bishop Janez Tavčar. Once it lost its residential and economic significance, the castle became increasingly neglected from the first third of the seventeenth century onwards and was ultimately abandoned soon after 1681. Although its remnants are rather modest, they nonetheless allow for an interpretation of building development. The article also provides concise architectural-historical analyses of the Haslach (Slo. Lešje) manor or mansion and the former Rudenstein Castle (Slo. Rudenštajn), both of which were historically and spatially linked to Rudeneck Castle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: castle
  topic: keywords
subject: medieval castles
  topic: keywords
subject: manors
  topic: keywords
subject: detached great towers
  topic: keywords
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural history
  topic: keywords
subject: castellology
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural development
  topic: keywords
subject: Gothic architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Renaissance architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Rudenstein/Rudenštajn
  topic: keywords
subject: Haslach/Lešje
  topic: keywords
subject: Poljane
  topic: keywords
subject: Negojnica
  topic: keywords
subject: Rečica
  topic: keywords
subject: Lords of Altenburg
  topic: keywords
subject: Counts of Cilli
  topic: keywords
subject: Konrad Glušič
  topic: keywords
subject: Thomas Chrön
  topic: keywords
subject: Francesco Abondio de Donino
  topic: keywords
subject: peasant revolts
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Sapač
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Sapač https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 573
ending page: 614
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.03

Vrbovec Castle
type: item
description: Based on the analyses of preserved built structures, old depictions and photos, particulars regarding the history of the property, as well as appropriate analogies, it is possible to determine the main development phases of one of the most recognizable historical castle architectures in the Upper Savinja Valley. The castle was most probably built in the second half of the twelfth century and underwent at least three expansions during the Late Middle Ages. In the sixteenth century, it obtained its outer wall with three cylindrical towers and in the seventeenth century it was transformed into a Renaissance-style residence of Ljubljana’s bishops. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the castle underwent no major construction work. The medieval castle core was demolished in the eighteenth century. In 1900, it was restored and added a Historicist chapel sometime between 1917 and 1920. After it was destroyed in the Second World War, the castle underwent a gradual and thorough restoration during the second half of the twentieth century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: castle
  topic: keywords
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural history
  topic: keywords
subject: castellology
  topic: keywords
subject: built heritage preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Romanesque architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Gothic architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Renaissance architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Historicism
  topic: keywords
subject: Neo-Romanesque architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Second World War
  topic: keywords
subject: Postmodernism
  topic: keywords
subject: Nazarje
  topic: keywords
subject: Lords of Altenburg
  topic: keywords
subject: Counts of Cilli
  topic: keywords
subject: Hans Katzianer
  topic: keywords
subject: Thomas Chrön
  topic: keywords
subject: Otto Friedrich Buchheim
  topic: keywords
subject: Anton Bonaventura Jeglič
  topic: keywords
subject: Lojze Žumer
  topic: keywords
subject: Francesco Abondio de Donino
  topic: keywords
subject: Francesco Olivieri
  topic: keywords
subject: Francesco Rosina
  topic: keywords
subject: Josef Jakusch
  topic: keywords
subject: Sonja Sekavčnik
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Sapač
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Sapač https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 501
ending page: 572
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.02

Insights into the Peasant Rebellion in the Seigneury of Gornji Grad in the Early Seventeenth Century
type: item
description: Drawing on the existing literature and the analysis of archival material, the article discusses the selected aspects of the peasant rebellion raised by the subjects of the seigneury of Gornji Grad (Ger. Oberburg) between 1602 and 1607, when the seigneury was under the administration of Tomaž Hren, Bishop of Ljubljana. The article focuses on two main thematic clusters. The first discusses the reasons and circumstances of the rebellion and highlights a few concrete events, especially those that unfolded before 1602 and in the early phase of the rebellion. The second part of the article deals with the question of how the rebellion was addressed by the secular and ecclesiastical authorities, with a particular focus on the role of the provincial princely commission, papal nuncios, and the final decision made by the nuncio Salvago from 1607. The article aims to shed light on the early and closing phases of the rebellion, which has not received much attention in the literature so far.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: peasant rebellion
  topic: keywords
subject: Bishop Tomaž Hren
  topic: keywords
subject: Gornji Grad/Oberburg
  topic: keywords
subject: early modern period
  topic: keywords
subject: seventeenth century
  topic: keywords
creator: Nina Ošep
creator: Lucija Pečnik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nina Ošep, Lucija Pečnik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 615
ending page: 626
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.04

Early Administrative Slovenica from the Upper Savinja Valley (1604–1842)
type: item
description: The Upper Savinja Valley is an area from which several early Slovenian administrative texts or records are already known, dating to before the mid-nineteenth century: a decree of the diocesan synod and a translation of a papal breve, both from Gornji Grad, and two oath forms for newly admitted dwellers of the market towns of Rečica ob Savinji and Mozirje. Through recent discoveries, new documents have surfaced, most notably tithe registers and two documents that are unique in the entire Slovenian area: the only probate inventory of a serf in Slovenian and the only last will of a serf drawn up by a priest. The article presents an overview of all hitherto discovered Slovenian administrative records from the Upper Savinja Valley, with a particular focus on those that have so far not been published and discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Slovenian administrative texts
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovenian language
  topic: keywords
subject: tithe registers
  topic: keywords
subject: last will
  topic: keywords
subject: serf’s probate inventory
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
subject: Gornji Grad
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Golec
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Boris Golec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 643
ending page: 662
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.06

The written heritage of the library of the Franciscan friary in Nazarje
type: item
description: The article offers a comprehensive study of the Franciscan library in Nazarje, one of the key cultural centres of the Upper Savinja Valley since the seventeenth century. The first part, based on sources such as the Diarium Conventus Nazarethani and early inventories, critically revisits the origins of the library and rejects the long-standing thesis of its Bosnian provenance. Instead, it shows that the collection developed gradually from the friars’ arrival and through donations, notably the bequest of Ludvik Umek in 1752. The second part presents the first systematic survey of more than twenty-six medieval manuscript fragments—liturgical, hagiographic, legal and even secular texts—preserved in bindings, shedding new light on the transfer of earlier materials into the collection. The third part addresses the turbulent fate of the library in the twentieth century, especially wartime destruction, dispersal, and later rediscovery of supposedly lost books. The article thus combines a historical, codicological, and cultural heritage perspective.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Friary in Nazarje
  topic: keywords
subject: written culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Franciscans
  topic: keywords
subject: manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: manuscript fragments
  topic: keywords
subject: libraries
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural heritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Dominik Bogataj
creator: Anja Božič
creator: Bernardin Domen Iljaš
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jan Dominik Bogataj, Anja Božič, Bernardin Domen Iljaš https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 663
ending page: 686
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.07

Pilgrimages and Pilgrimage Churches in the Upper Savinja Valley during the Baroque Period
type: item
description: The article provides an insight into the pilgrimages and pilgrimage processions that took place in pre-Josephinian parishes of the Upper Savinja Valley during the Baroque period. Based on information from registers and visitation records, the calendar of pilgrimage processions is presented, followed by a systematic discussion of all the pilgrimage churches in the area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: pilgrimage processions
  topic: keywords
subject: pilgrimage
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
subject: Baroque culture
  topic: keywords
subject: miraculous images
  topic: keywords
creator: Metoda Kemperl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Metoda Kemperl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 687
ending page: 714
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.08

Miren’s Exiled Shoemaker Cooperative in the Savinja Valley
type: item
description: The article aims to reconstruct the experience of Miren’s exiled shoemaker cooperative in the Savinja Valley during the First World War. It draws on two sources, the history of the cooperative, written by its long-standing leader Anton Vuk, and the diary for part of 1917, kept by its secretary Leopold Kemperle. When Italy entered the war, the inhabitants of Miren were evacuated as early as 23 May 1915. The leadership of the shoemaker cooperative (established in 1907) chose Altenburg Castle (Slo. Vrbovec) at Rečica in the Savinja Valley as a suitable accommodation for its workshops and settled workers in the nearby area. Even in exile, the organization continued to abide by its cooperative principles by systematically ensuring material supply and the production of military and civilian footwear, by provisioning the refugee colony with food, clothing, firewood, and coal, and by distributing refugee and military support.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: shoemaker cooperative
  topic: keywords
subject: Miren
  topic: keywords
subject: First World War
  topic: keywords
subject: refugeeism
  topic: keywords
subject: Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
creator: Petra Svoljšak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Petra Svoljšak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 753
ending page: 770
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.12

What Did a Teacher Graduate Write in Herle’s Logbook in Solčava About Climbing Ojstrica in August 1881?
type: item
description: The logbook from Herle’s tavern in Solčava, which was publicly presented by Prof. Tine Orel in the mountaineering gazette Planinski vestnik in 1963, also contains a report on the ascent that four young men—Fran Skaza and Miha Levstik, both students at the teachers’ training institute in Maribor, and two mountaineers from the Woschnagg (Slo. Vošnjak) family from Šoštanj–made to Mount Ojstrica in August 1881. On returning to the valley, Miha Levstik wrote a dramatic three-page report of their ascent in the mountaineering logbook in Solčava. The article presents an annotated transcript of the report. Mention is also made of several connections of schools and teachers with the Savinja Alps at the end of the nineteenth century. The central role in establishing mountaineering societies was played by the teachers Miha Kos and Fran Kocbek, the authors of the first Slovenian mountain guide from 1894.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solčava
  topic: keywords
subject: Savinja Alps
  topic: keywords
subject: mountaineering logbook
  topic: keywords
subject: Herle’s tavern
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: mountaineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Miha Levstik
  topic: keywords
subject: Franc Skaza
  topic: keywords
subject: Velenje
  topic: keywords
subject: Woschnagg family
  topic: keywords
subject: Šoštanj
  topic: keywords
creator: Branko Šuštar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Branko Šuštar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 725
ending page: 738
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.10

Liberation of the Upper Savinja Valley in Autumn 1944
type: item
description: Based on archival material and postwar literature, the author presents the Upper Savinja Valley during the Second World War, with an emphasis on the existence of a liberated territory in this area between September and December 1944. The Partisan forces leveraged the temporary weakness of the occupying forces and, with a strategy of simultaneous attacks across the wider area, liberated the entire Upper Savinja Valley, where they established a public administration system. However, because the presence of such a free territory threatened the strategic passage through the Lower Styrian and Slovenian territory, the occupiers recaptured the Upper Savinja Valley and kept it under control until the end of the Second World War.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: druga svetovna vojna
  topic: keywords
subject: Zgornja Savinjska dolina
  topic: keywords
subject: narodnoosvobodilno gibanje
  topic: keywords
subject: okupacija
  topic: keywords
subject: osvobojeno ozemlje
  topic: keywords
creator: Klemen Kocjančič
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Klemen Kocjančič https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 771
ending page: 788
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.13

Mountains as a Place of Identity
type: item
description: The article discusses the life and mountaineering career of Branko Zemljič (1887–1961), a teacher, cultural worker, and long-time secretary of the Savinja branch of the Slovenian Mountaineering Society. His work is placed in the broader context of the development of mountaineering in Slovenia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and in the first decades of the twentieth century, when the mountains were not only a place for spending free time but also a site of national and cultural struggle. Special attention is paid to Zemljič’s efforts to strengthen the Slovenian presence in the Savinja part of the Kamnik–Savinja Alps. The article also highlights the “story” from his youth about the area of the Korošica mountain pasture below Mount Ojstrica or, rather, his personal account of the national struggle linked to the symbolic significance of mountain huts. Zemljič’s work shows how everyday efforts of individuals were intertwined with questions of identity, and his legacy offers valuable insight into the formation of the Slovenian mountaineering space.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: history of mountaineering
  topic: keywords
subject: mountaineering culture
  topic: keywords
subject: national struggle
  topic: keywords
subject: mountain hut
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovenian Mountaineering Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Savinjska branch of the Slovenian Mountaineering Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Korošica mountain pasture
  topic: keywords
subject: Kamnik-Savinja Alps
  topic: keywords
subject: Branko Zemljič
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Mikša
creator: Matija Zorn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Mikša, Matija Zorn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 789
ending page: 806
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.14

Grohot Mountain Pasture over Time: Work, Kinship Relations, and Ownership
type: item
description: Mountain pastures are high-altitude grazing areas where farmers move their cattle in the warmer months of the year. This practice facilitates a more efficient agricultural activity as well as the preservation of local traditions, ways of knowing, and landscapes. Whereas most mountain pastures in Slovenia are communal, the overwhelming majority of alpine grazing lands in the Solčava area are under individual ownership. A special place among them belongs to the Grohot common mountain pasture, which is also the only shepherd’s settlement in the area under discussion. The article draws on ethnographic research and is thematically divided into three segments: farm chores, the significance of kinship relations, and ownership. Grohot was once a dairy cow mountain pasture, where women dairy farmers took care of milk production, whereas today hired herders tend to the grazing cattle. Kinship structures, which enable the transmission of knowledge and resources, are of utmost importance for the preservation and functioning of the high-altitude grazing land. The history of Grohot reflects broader changes in ownership and agricultural policy during the twentieth century, ranging from grazing rights, nationalization, and denationalization to Slovenia’s integration into the European Union, which points to the blending of local practices with national and European influences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grohot mountain pasture
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
subject: pastoralism
  topic: keywords
subject: pastoral practices
  topic: keywords
creator: Elizabeta Vršnik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeta Vršnik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 837
ending page: 848
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.17

Climate and Hydrological Changes in the Upper Savinja Valley since the 1960s
type: item
description: The article discusses climate and hydrological changes in the Upper Savinja Valley since the 1960s. The area is characterized by diverse geological structures, a rugged surface, and torrential watercourses. Most of the area is covered by forest. Climate changes are reflected in rising average annual temperatures, decreasing annual precipitation, and a significantly shorter snow cover period. Hydrological changes are reflected in decreasing average minimum, average mean, and average maximum annual river discharges. In addition to water quantities, watercourses also exhibit changing discharge regimes. As the Upper Savinja Valley is susceptible to extreme water events, the article highlights some of the most significant ones in the last century and attempts to predict how they will develop in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: precipitation
  topic: keywords
subject: river discharge
  topic: keywords
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrological change
  topic: keywords
subject: floods
  topic: keywords
subject: Savinja River
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
creator: Mauro Hrvatin
creator: Matija Zorn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mauro Hrvatin, Matija Zorn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 849
ending page: 870
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.18

Nazarje in the Last Decade of the Monarchy: a Look Through Newspaper and Archival Sources
type: item
description: The article examines religious and social life in Nazarje between 1909 and 1921, drawing on the monastery chronicle, visitation records, and brief newspaper reports. World events, particularly the First World War and the subsequent disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, followed by the creation of a new state, significantly affected the life of this pilgrimage site and its inhabitants. The prewar years were characterised by festivities, vibrant social life, and various forms of religious observance. At the onset of the war, the monastery chronicler and newspaper reporters focused on mobilisation, the experiences of local inhabitants on the frontline, and various forms of humanitarian aid. A special chapter concerns the refugees from Gorizia, to whom the parishioners extended their utmost solidarity, including the establishment of a school for refugees. The article discusses the impact of scarcity, requisitions, and the earthquake of 1917, as well as the May Declaration Movement, the fighting for the northern border, and Nazarje’s reception of refugees from Carinthia. The visitation record from 1921 provides further details, describing the religious vitality and social engagement of the parish. The article thus offers an illustrative microhistorical insight into the intricate links between war, migration, religious observance, and solidarity in Nazarje’s local community.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nazarje
  topic: keywords
subject: First World War
  topic: keywords
subject: newspapers
  topic: keywords
subject: monastery chronicle
  topic: keywords
subject: visitation records
  topic: keywords
creator: Miha Šimac
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Miha Šimac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 739
ending page: 752
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.11

Benedictines and the Counts of Cilli
type: item
description: At the beginning of the twelfth century, the entire Upper Savinja Valley was a large landholding of the Bavarian Diepold de Chagere, centred in Gornji Grad (Ger. Oberburg). In 1140, he donated it for the establishment of a Benedictine monastery, while a smaller part was handed over to Aquileia. During its 333 years of existence and extensive colonization, the monastery formed a cultural landscape with approximately 750 farms and market towns of Gornji Grad, Ljubno (Ger. Laufen) and Rečica (Ger. Rietz). The Aquileian estates with the castles of Gornji Grad, Vrbovec (Ger. Altenburg) and Mozirje (Ger. Prassberg) were fiefs in the hands of local families from the end of the thirteenth century. The most influential political forces were the Counts of Heunburg and the Lords of Sanneck. In 1286, the Heunburg family, with their seat in Mozirje, also became hereditary advocates of the Benedictine abbey in 1286. After their extinction in 1322, they were succeeded by the Sannecks (from 1341, the Counts of Cilli). The monastery was incorporated into the newly established diocese of Ljubljana in 1461 and abolished in 1473. Gornji Grad continued to flourish as the secondary residence of the bishop of Ljubljana.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Upper Savinja Valley
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Gornji Grad
  topic: keywords
subject: Benedictine monastery
  topic: keywords
subject: colonization
  topic: keywords
subject: Counts of Heunburg
  topic: keywords
subject: Lords of Sanneck
  topic: keywords
subject: Counts of Cilli
  topic: keywords
subject: advocate
  topic: keywords
subject: market towns
  topic: keywords
creator: Miha Kosi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Miha Kosi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 463
ending page: 500
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.3.01

Social Care System in Slovenia Immediately after the Second World War, with a Particular Focus on Ljubljana
type: item
description: Based on archival collections on social care of the People’s Republic of Slovenia and data of the Ljubljana City People’s Committee, the author analyses measures that the state and society developed and implemented to improve the overall living conditions of vulnerable persons and groups after the Second World War. She presents possibilities and forms of providing social protection to adults, youth, and children in need at the time when the war-ravaged and financially drained state endeavoured to improve the quality of life through the development of broadly based forms of social care and appropriate infrastructure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social protection
  topic: keywords
subject: social care
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovenia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljubljana
  topic: keywords
subject: 1945–1948
  topic: keywords
creator: Mojca Šorn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 425
ending page: 438
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.10

Ljubljana’s Elderly in the Nineteenth Century
type: item
description: The article analyses factors associated with mortality in the elderly during three five-year periods of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the area of the St Peter parish, also known as Šempeter Suburbs in Ljubljana. It presents physicians’ approach towards elderly patients, as well as the status of public hygiene in the city and the particularities of the area under discussion. The records of city and provincial physicians Fran Viljem Lipič, Viljem Kovač, Friedrich Keesbacher, and Franc Zupanc linked the issue of the city hygienization or, more specifically, the establishment of drinking water supply system, sewage disposal, and appropriate housing conditions to a declining morbidity rate and increasing life expectancy of the population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: the elderly
  topic: keywords
subject: mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljubljana
  topic: keywords
subject: Šempeter Suburb
  topic: keywords
subject: nineteenth century
  topic: keywords
subject: public hygiene
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarina Keber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 393
ending page: 404
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.08

History and Topography of Water Supply in Kranj until the Early Twentieth Century
type: item
description: Kranj’s location on a pier above the confluence of the Sava and Kokra rivers made its water supply difficult. Until 1842, there were only three private deep wells (known so far) in the town. Most inhabitants had to gather water from both rivers and store it in house cisterns. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were unsuccessful attempts to collect water from the Sava River using a pumping device. After a fire destroyed the town in 1749 mainly due to a lack of water, the town authorities revived the old plans to build a new water supply system. The pipeline connecting the Kokrica River and the main town well in 1751 did not function properly. In 1771–1772, Gabrijel Gruber, a professor of mechanics in Ljubljana, built a water pump on the Sava River. In 1862, it was replaced by a new one, which, combined with three public deep wells, continued to provide the town with water for more than a decade after the construction of the modern water supply system in 1911.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kranj
  topic: keywords
subject: wells
  topic: keywords
subject: water pump
  topic: keywords
subject: water system
  topic: keywords
subject: water supply
  topic: keywords
subject: fifteenth – twentieth centuries
  topic: keywords
creator: Dušan Kos
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 339
ending page: 392
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.07

Deattribution of Works Previously Assigned to the Baroque Sculptor Franz Christoph Reiss
type: item
description: The article presents a systematic analysis of all sculptures made for church interiors that have so far been uncritically assigned to the Maribor-based sculptor Franz Christoph Reiss (1688–1711). The basis for the comparative analysis are the altar of St Francis Xavier at Ptujska Gora, where Reiss’s authorship is confirmed with documents, and the altar of St Florian in Maribor Cathedral, which is rightfully assigned to him. Based on comparisons to the works mentioned above, most works previously attributed to Reiss may be excluded from the oeuvre of his workshop. While the great altar in the Franciscan church in Varaždin was probably created in the workshop of the sculptor Lorenz Kaiser from Maribor, other pieces originated from at least six—for the time being unidentified—sculpture workshops that operated at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Franz Christoph Reiss
  topic: keywords
subject: Lorenz Kaiser
  topic: keywords
subject: Baroque sculpture
  topic: keywords
subject: wood sculpture
  topic: keywords
subject: sculpture in Styria
  topic: keywords
subject: church art
  topic: keywords
subject: altar
  topic: keywords
subject: ornamentation
  topic: keywords
subject: figural art
  topic: keywords
creator: Simona Kostanjšek Brglez
creator: Boštjan Roškar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 287
ending page: 305
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.05

The Fate of the Co-Author of Pisanice Janez Mihelič and of the First Independent Collection of Slovenian Proverbs
type: item
description: The article centres on the last documented years of Janez Mihelič (* 1750, † not before 1796), the co-author of the first Slovenian poetry almanac Pisanice od lepeh umetnost and collector of proverbs. The existence of the manuscript collection Kraynski Pregovori, the first independent collection of Slovenian proverbs, was merely acknowledged in the report written by Mihelič’s mentor Marko Pohlin, and before that, it was metaphorically alluded to in the poem by Mihelič and Pohlin in Pisanice (1779). Until now, it has been an unknown fact that Mihelič suffered from severe paranoia, which cost him his positions as the parish priest and dean of Svibno near Radeče at the age of forty years. He retreated to the South Tyrolian dioceses of Brixen and Trento, where he returned to his service as priest. In 1796, every trace of him was lost. In 1809, Žiga Zois, prompted by Jernej Kopitar, tried in vain to locate Mihelič’s collection of proverbs, which was also of interest to the founder of Slavic studies, Josef Dobrovský.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Janez Mihelič
  topic: keywords
subject: priest
  topic: keywords
subject: Svibno
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljubljana
  topic: keywords
subject: paranoia
  topic: keywords
subject: collection of proverbs Kraynski Pregovori
  topic: keywords
subject: poetry almanac Pisanice
  topic: keywords
subject: Marko Pohlin
  topic: keywords
subject: South Tyrol
  topic: keywords
subject: Št. Jurij pod Kumom/Podkum
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Golec
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 307
ending page: 338
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.06

Baroness Maria Theresa Oršić, Née Baroness Wintershoffen. Her Lineage, Marriage, and Books
type: item
description: The article centres on Baroness Maria Theresa Oršić, née Baroness Wintershoffen (1671–1710), from the Styrian town of Kozje (Ger. Drachenburg). It is divided into three thematic clusters. In the first part, it presents the origin of the baroness’s primary family of Wintershoffen, which came from Bavaria to Styria in the sixteenth century and had become extinct by the early nineteenth century. The second part describes the baroness’s marriage to the Slavonian nobleman Baron Anton Oršić, which culminated in a divorce. The third part discusses her settling down in Ljubljana and her estate listed in her probate inventory. Special consideration is given to her library, which was remarkably extensive and diverse for that period.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wintershoffen
  topic: keywords
subject: Oršić
  topic: keywords
subject: Kozje
  topic: keywords
subject: nobility
  topic: keywords
subject: genealogy
  topic: keywords
subject: libraries
  topic: keywords
creator: Goranka Kreačič
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 269
ending page: 285
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.04

Oclatii in Emona and throughout the Empire
type: item
description: The Roman colony of Emona is considered the oldest Roman autonomous town in modern Slovenian territory, the establishment of which is dated to the period of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Due to the strategic position of this area, Emona was undoubtedly a prized target of Italic colonists, documented on inscription-bearing stone monuments, primarily gravestones. During the first phase of colonization and Romanization, several families were particularly active. Therefore, their representatives were not only often documented, but they also held important functions in the city administration. The representatives of Oclatii in Emona and its ager were not among the most common ones. There are only two gravestones known to date, one from the town itself and the other from the Emona ager (Lesce?). Both representatives were most likely part of the municipal elite—one as a veteran and the other as a decurion of the Emona colony.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: epigraphy
  topic: keywords
subject: onomastics
  topic: keywords
subject: Oclatii
  topic: keywords
subject: Regio X
  topic: keywords
subject: provinces
  topic: keywords
subject: Celtic names
  topic: keywords
subject: social stratification
  topic: keywords
subject: Roman society
  topic: keywords
creator: Julijana Visočnik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Julijana Visočnik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 213
ending page: 226
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.01

Early Development of Ljubljana’s Town Square until 1300 in Light of Archaeological Research Results
type: item
description: Archaeological research carried out in the old town centre in 2009 and 2016 yielded important information regarding Ljubljana’s development. The earliest archaeological traces of the medieval settlement in the Town Square area near the present-day Triple Bridge point to a pre-urban core of the subsequent town, which began to develop before the mid-twelfth century, which at least roughly coincided with the time when the Spanheim family arrived in central Carniola. Then followed urban planning. The streets were laid out before the plots were marked out and build on. Such an ambitious project was usually not part of the town’s natural evolution but a result of organizationally and financially complex reconstruction of the existing settlement, which can be understood as the founding of the town. According to archaeological data and mentions in written sources, Ljubljana may have been founded during the period of Herman of Spanheim (1161–1181), Duke of Carinthia. However, it is not excluded that this already happened during the time of his brothers Henry (1144–1161) or Ulrich. The latter was the first to name himself after Ljubljana in 1144.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljubljana
  topic: keywords
subject: Town Square
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-urban settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: founded town
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: plots
  topic: keywords
subject: Spanheim family
  topic: keywords
creator: Matej Draksler
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-22
publication date: 2025-07-22
starting page: 227
ending page: 253
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.2.02

The Border between the Third Reich and Italy in the Southern part of the Kamnik District
type: item
description: The article sheds light on the events that occurred in the southern parts of the Kamnik district during the Second World War. After the occupation and partition of Slovenian territory among the neighbouring occupying countries, the southern border of the then district of Kamnik also served as the border between the Nazi Third Reich and the Fascist Kingdom of Italy. It was a strategically important area for both occupying forces and for the Partisan movement. Drawing from archival sources and especially from the material of the provincial councillor in Kamnik and the state commissioner for the strengthening of Germanhood, the article expands the existing knowledge about this subject. It covers the period between the spring of 1941 and the autumn of 1943 because after the German occupation of the Ljubljana Province in September 1943, the border under discussion was no longer a serious obstacle for the local population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Second World War
  topic: keywords
subject: German occupation
  topic: keywords
subject: border
  topic: keywords
subject: Kamnik
  topic: keywords
subject: Črnuče
  topic: keywords
subject: Trebeljevo
  topic: keywords
creator: Damjan Hančič
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 155
ending page: 172
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.09

Hmeljnik Castle Furnishings before 1926
type: item
description: Based on a comparative analysis of previously unpublished archival sources, the article provides information on the furnishings of Hmeljnik Castle from the beginning of the seventeenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. The painting collections of the Barons Ruessenstein and Zierheimb, who owned Hmeljnik in the seventeenth century, are presented in detail, and the inventories from the time of the Barons Wambolt provide a more detailed insight into the castle furnishings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Supplemented by the transcription of selected sources, the article lays the foundation for further research into the castle interiors, as the analysis of these and other surviving documents reveals their appearance before the major renovation of the castle and the relocation of the Frischau furnishings to Hmeljnik in the second half of the 1920s.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hmeljnik
  topic: keywords
subject: Barons Ruessenstein
  topic: keywords
subject: Barons Zierheimb (Cirheimb)
  topic: keywords
subject: Philipp Jakob von Grebbin
  topic: keywords
subject: Baron Franz Wambolt
  topic: keywords
subject: Baron Hugo Wambolt
  topic: keywords
subject: painting collections
  topic: keywords
subject: castle furnishings
  topic: keywords
subject: portraits
  topic: keywords
subject: inventories
  topic: keywords
creator: Renata Komić Marn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 135
ending page: 154
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.08

The Central Commission and the Documentation of Medieval Castles in the Area of Slovenia
type: item
description: The paper analyses the archival material of the Imperial Royal Central Commission for the Investigation and Preservation of Monuments (orig. K. K. Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale), in which selected castles of medieval origin from the area of the former historical province of Carniola and the Slovenian parts of Styria and Carinthia are discussed. The latter provided new knowledge about the advocacy for their preservation, about the protection measures carried out, as well as about individual painting elements and architectural plastic of the castles, which are presented in the central part of the paper. The only known description of the previously undocumented paintings of Kolovrat Castle is presented in the form of a case study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: K. K. Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale
  topic: keywords
subject: castles
  topic: keywords
subject: Kolovrat Castle
  topic: keywords
subject: Carniola
  topic: keywords
subject: Styria
  topic: keywords
subject: Carinthia
  topic: keywords
subject: documenting art heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: medieval art
  topic: keywords
subject: secular art
  topic: keywords
subject: second half of the nineteenth century
  topic: keywords
creator: Nike Duh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 93
ending page: 122
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.06

Tombstones and Central Cemetery Crucifixes in Slovenia from the Salm Iron Foundry
type: item
description: In the first half of the nineteenth century, cast iron tombstones, plaques, and crosses also became a common feature in cemeteries across Slovenia. Cemetery crosses, sometimes also made of cast iron themselves, often had a cast iron Corpus of the Crucified Christ affixed to them. The article focuses on such products from the Salm Iron Foundry and its successors in Blansko, Moravia—specifically on the castings of the Corpus of the Crucified Christ designed by the Austrian sculptor Anton Dominik von Fernkorn and on four tombstones.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tombstones
  topic: keywords
subject: cemetery crosses
  topic: keywords
subject: art casting
  topic: keywords
subject: Salm Iron Foundry in Blansko
  topic: keywords
subject: cemeteries
  topic: keywords
subject: corpuses
  topic: keywords
subject: historicism
  topic: keywords
subject: Classicism
  topic: keywords
subject: Sežana
  topic: keywords
subject: Razdrto
  topic: keywords
subject: Ljubljana
  topic: keywords
subject: Vipava
  topic: keywords
subject: Vojsko
  topic: keywords
subject: Škofja Loka
  topic: keywords
subject: Pivka
  topic: keywords
subject: Anton Dominik von Fernkorn
  topic: keywords
creator: Simona Kermavnar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 79
ending page: 92
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.05

Between the Plague and Cholera
type: item
description: Drawing on the example of the Northern Adriatic, the article presents movement restriction measures as preventive steps against contagious diseases. These measures (quarantine for persons suspected as potential carriers of disease and isolation of persons infected) were observed from the early modern period, when this area was the most exposed to plague epidemics, until the last decades of the nineteenth century, when cholera posed a major health threat. Because the discussion centres on coastal towns, primary attention is paid to maritime quarantine; however, the article also examines connections between the sea and the hinterland, as well as the border position of this area, which dictated the implementation of health measures in the towns and their wider surroundings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: quarantine
  topic: keywords
subject: isolation
  topic: keywords
subject: maritime transport
  topic: keywords
subject: early modern period
  topic: keywords
subject: nineteenth century
  topic: keywords
subject: Koper
  topic: keywords
subject: Trst
  topic: keywords
subject: plague
  topic: keywords
subject: cholera
  topic: keywords
creator: Urška Bratož
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 61
ending page: 78
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.04

Svibno: A Collapsed Market Town
type: item
description: Svibno (Germ. Scharfenberg) near Radeče is unique in many regards among Slovenian market towns of medieval origin. Situated in the middle of the Sava Hills, it stood at the highest elevation of all. Although it was founded below an important castle and at the seat of an old parish, Svibno did not retain its market functions for long. At its zenith, it had a strong cottage industry, but it did not establish itself as a trade hub. First documented as a market town in the early fifteenth century, it had already experienced a considerable economic and demographic decline by the second half of the sixteenth century. The number of homes decreased from about thirty in the first half of the fifteenth century to only three in the mid-eighteenth century. Apart from its structural shortcomings and remoteness from transport connections, the decline and ultimately the collapse of the market town was also due to its rival, the neighbouring market town of Radeče (Germ. Ratschach) on the navigable Sava River. Even though it was completely ruralized and all but completely disappeared, Svibno retained its market town title in the local environment well into the nineteenth century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Svibno
  topic: keywords
subject: market town
  topic: keywords
subject: market town settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: collapse
  topic: keywords
subject: Radeče
  topic: keywords
subject: urbaria
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Golec
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 33
ending page: 60
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.03

Gilded Mount with the Depiction of a Lion from Stari Jeterbenk Castle on Kašča Hill near Medvode
type: item
description: The article presents the art historically and archaeologically significant high medieval find from the eastern slope of Kašča Hill above the village of Žlebe near Medvode (central Slovenia), on which supposedly stood Stari Jeterbenk Castle (Germ. Alt Hertenberg), belonging to the Spanheim ministerials, the Lords of Hertenberg. The aforementioned find is a square-shaped mount made of gilded copper plate, featuring an embossed depiction of a lion. Considering the absence of holes or rivets and given the interpretation of the function of similar finds in the central European area, it was probably part of the decoration of a belt or other item of clothing or personal equipment, perhaps a bag or a wooden chest for holding valuables. Based on stylistic comparisons and analogue finds from closed contexts, the series of identical mounts, which the find under discussion supposedly formed part of, may roughly be dated between the end of the twelfth century and the early fourteenth century. The artefact, having most likely drifted to the site of discovery down the steep slope from the domed summit of the hill where the castle remains are located, confirms the understanding of the architectural and chronological development of the Jeterbenk Castle complex and adds to the archaeologically documented material culture of the nobility in Carniola.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: castles
  topic: keywords
subject: Jeterbenk
  topic: keywords
subject: Alt Hertenberg
  topic: keywords
subject: knights of Hertenberg
  topic: keywords
subject: archaeological finds
  topic: keywords
subject: gilded decorative mount
  topic: keywords
subject: lion symbolism
  topic: keywords
subject: heraldry
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrej Gaspari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 21
ending page: 33
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.02

Dobrenje and the Lords of Dobrenje in the Middle Ages
type: item
description: The history of the settlement of Dobrenje, located in Slovenian Styria in the direct vicinity of the present-day border with Austria, can be traced back to the beginning of the twelfth century. Its importance increased significantly in the thirteenth century, when Dobrenje Castle was built there and Eckhart of Dobrenje, named after it, became one of the most prominent noblemen on the territory of modern Slovenian Styria in the second half of the thirteenth century. Eckhart successfully turned the struggles for control over Styria to his advantage, thus bringing himself into the close circle surrounding the archbishop of Salzburg and the Styrian duke Ottokar II Přemysl, respectively. Nonetheless, very little is known about his personal life. In addition to reconstructing his (political) life, the article aims to suggest some possible origins of his family and concludes with an account of what happened to the family after Eckhart’s death at the end of the thirteenth century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dobrenje
  topic: keywords
subject: Lords of Dobrenje
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Ages
  topic: keywords
subject: Styria
  topic: keywords
subject: nobility
  topic: keywords
creator: Tinkara Starček
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tinkara Starček https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
date: 2025-03-12
publication date: 2025-03-12
starting page: 5
ending page: 20
doi: 10.56420/Kronika.73.1.01